国产v精品一区二区三区_日韩成人无码片AV_在线播放人成视频免费_国产午夜福利深夜_这里只有精品99久久精品国产_欧美做受三级级视频播放_91成人在线免费视频_国产日比视频亚洲第一专区_最近中文字幕mv在线直播_人妻无码一二三区免得

How much Cd is used in a CdTe module per kWh of electricity produced (in an average U.S. solar location)

Source: NREL, USA

Cd in a module per kWh: 0.001 g/kWh
Cd per MWh: 1 g/MWh
Cd per GWh: 1 kg/GWh

In an average solar location in the United States, such as Kansas, a one-square-meter, 10%-efficient CdTe module containing 7 g of Cd produces about 5,400 kWh over its expected service life of 30 years. That amounts to about 770 kWh per gram of Cd, or 0.001 g/kWh. (Note: this amount is contained in the module and is NOT an emission. The Cd can be completely recycled.)

How much cadmium is needed for large-scale CdTe PV

Source: NREL, USA

Less than 3% of the current U.S. Cd consumption is needed for large-scale (i.e., GW/year) production of CdTe PV; using less than one-third of the current Cd consumption for PV would change our electricity infrastructure in only a few years. Currently, Cd is used primarily in NiCd rechargeable batteries (~65%), paint pigments (~17%), plastic stabilizers (~10%), metal plating (~5%), and metal solders (~2%) (Fig. 1). In 1997, the total Cd use in the United States was 2,600 tons; globally the total use is 19,000 to 20,000 tons.

But to change the world's energy infrastructure with CdTe PV, much less Cd than is already used for other purposes would be needed, and it might not impact the overall smelting of Cd at all! In fact, it would provide a beneficial use of Cd that could otherwise be cemented or end up in a waste dump.

Why? Using only 3% of the U.S. consumption of cadmium in the manufacture of CdTe solar cells (i.e., 78 tons) would generate more than 1 GW of new PV per year. Note that the total current PV capacity in the United States is only 0.3 GW and is projected to grow (under optimistic assumptions) to about 3.2 GW/yr by the year 2020. Even if we envision an order of magnitude higher PV production, this would require only about one-third of the current U.S. Cd consumption. The result would be new solar energy of 10 GW/year, which would quickly accumulate and significantly change the mix of electricity sources in the United States and abroad, preventing carbon dioxide and other emissions.

References

Anderson, B. A. (2000). Materials availability for large-scale thin film photovoltaics. Progress in Photovoltaics, 8, pp. 61-76.

Cadmium Market Update Analysis and Outlook. (1995). Roskill Information Services Ltd., London, UK.